Structured Case Study Template for IEMT Practitioners

Use this template to document IEMT client cases in a concise, academically acceptable format. Each section below includes guidance to help practitioners with no academic experience. We start with the simplified template for quick reference.

Simplified Case Study Template (Quick Reference)

(Use this condensed template as a checklist when writing your case study. Fill in each section with the relevant information from your case. Brief reminders of what to include are noted in parentheses.)

1. Title & Author Information – Descriptive title of case (mention IEMT & key issue), Your name/credentials, date.
2. Abstract – Short paragraph (100-200 words) summarizing client, problem, IEMT intervention, outcome, and significance.
3. Introduction – Background on client’s issue (what it is, why it’s important, maybe a cited fact), background on IEMT (what it is, why use it, maybe cite definition), and the purpose/aim of this case study.
4. Client Profile – Key details about the client: age, gender, pseudonym, relevant history or context (only info that relates to the case).
5. Presenting Problem – The problem in detail: symptoms and issues the client has, how long, how severe, impact on life, any previous attempts to solve it, context/triggers, client’s goal in seeking help.
6. Intervention – What you did in therapy: number of IEMT sessions, how it was conducted, techniques used, process steps, and any noteworthy client reactions during the sessions.
7. Outcome – Results of the intervention: what changed during/after IEMT, client’s response immediately and at follow-up (if available), any improvements (use client’s words or objective measures), and note if any issues remained.
8. Discussion – Your analysis of the case: why you think the outcome happened (link to IEMT theory or other cases), what this case means for practice (implications), any limitations (single case, other factors), and what you learned or suggest for future cases.
9. Conclusion – Wrap-up in a few sentences: restate the success (or outcome) of the case and the key takeaway or recommendation (what others can learn or what it suggests, without overgeneralizing).
10. References – List any sources you cited (articles, books, websites). Use a consistent academic format (Harvard or APA). Alphabetize by author. Ensure each in-text citation has a reference entry.

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Full Template Guide and Instructions

This template ensures you cover all essential elements of an academic case study. By following each section and the guidance provided, even those new to academic writing can document IEMT cases clearly, concisely, and professionally. Good luck with your case writing!

Title & Author Information

Purpose: Introduce the case study with a clear title and your details.

• Title: Create a concise title that reflects the case. Include the therapy and main issue. For example: “Integral Eye Movement Technique for [Issue]: A Case Study.” Avoid client names for privacy.
• Author Information: List your name as the practitioner (and any co-authors if applicable). You may include your credentials or role (e.g., Jane Doe, Certified IEMT Practitioner), and affiliation or location if relevant.
• Date: (Optional) You can add the date or year of the case study completion.

Guidance: Ensure the title is informative but not too long. It should give readers an idea of the case focus (e.g., the condition or symptom addressed with IEMT). Using a subtitle after a colon can help clarify, for example, “IEMT in the Treatment of Chronic Anxiety: A Case Study.” Keep client identity confidential (use general descriptors rather than real names). Author info should make it clear who prepared the case study.

Abstract (Summary of the Case Study)

Purpose: Provide a brief summary of the entire case study in one short paragraph.

• Length & Content: Write a short paragraph (~100-200 words) summarizing the case. Include the client’s presenting problem, the intervention (IEMT) used, and the outcome. Also, state the purpose or significance of the case.
• What to Include:
  • Background: One sentence on the client’s issue or context (e.g., the condition or problem and its impact).
  • Intervention: One sentence on using IEMT as the treatment approach.
  • Results: One or two sentences on key outcomes or improvements observed.
  • Conclusion: A final sentence on the overall takeaway or implication (e.g., that the case suggests IEMT was effective for this type of issue).
• Style: Write in a past tense and academic tone. Even though it’s short, make sure it can stand alone – someone should grasp the essence of the case from the abstract alone. Do not include citations or new information not covered in the case study.

Guidance: Think of the abstract as the “elevator pitch” of your case. For example: “A [age]-year-old client with [issue] was treated with a single session of Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) to address [specific symptom]. The client reported [key outcome], and improvements were observed [time frame]. This case study illustrates the potential of IEMT as a brief intervention for [issue].” Make every sentence count, focusing on facts and outcomes. It’s often easiest to write the abstract last, after you have written the full case study.

Introduction (Background and Purpose of the Study)

Purpose: Set the stage for the case. Provide background on the client’s condition or context and explain why this case is important. State the aim of the case study.

• Background on the Problem: Start by describing the main issue or condition the client is facing, and any relevant context. Explain what the condition is and how it typically affects people. For example: If the client has psoriasis, note that psoriasis is a chronic skin condition and mention its potential psychological impact (e.g., stress or social anxiety it can cause ((PDF) The Use of Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) in the Treatment of Psoriasis Induced Skin Eruption – a Case Study)). Use lay terms but accurately describe the issue so a reader understands the significance. If relevant, include prevalence or severity in general, with a citation if the information comes from literature.
• Introduction to IEMT: Give a brief explanation of Integral Eye Movement Technique and why it might be suitable for this case. You might mention who developed it or its theoretical basis. For instance: “Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) is a brief therapeutic technique that uses guided eye movements to reduce the intensity of negative emotions associated with distressing memories.” Explain in simple terms how IEMT works or why it was considered for this client (e.g., to address emotional triggers of a physical symptom, to quickly relieve trauma, etc.). If you reference any established definitions or prior research on IEMT, cite the source in Harvard style (Author, Year).
• Case Rationale/Purpose: State why you are presenting this case. What question or gap does it address? For example, “This case study aims to demonstrate the application of IEMT for [specific issue] and to observe its impact on [client outcome].” Mention if the case is unusual or first of its kind (if so, why it’s noteworthy), or if it serves as supporting evidence for IEMT in a certain context. This part tells the reader what to expect and why they should be interested.
• Confidentiality Note (optional): To assure ethical standards, you can state that the client’s identity is protected (e.g., using a pseudonym or omitting identifying details). For example, “(Note: Client names and identifying details have been changed to protect privacy.)”

Guidance: Write the introduction in a way that both laypersons and professionals can grasp the importance of the case. Keep it concise—maybe 2–3 short paragraphs. Avoid going into the intervention details yet; just give enough background to lead into the case description. Ensure that any factual claims (like details about the condition or therapy) are backed up with references. Citations: In Harvard style, an in-text citation might look like (Smith, 2015) for a statement. For example, “Psoriasis affects around 2% of the population and is often associated with anxiety and depression (Doe, 2020).” Then you would list Doe (2020) in the References. Use such citations for any background facts you did not know from personal experience.

Client Profile (General and Relevant Case Details)

Purpose: Provide a snapshot of the client’s relevant information and context. This helps readers understand who the client is, without revealing identity.

• Demographics: Start with basic info like the client’s age, gender, and occupation (if relevant). For instance, “The client is a 45-year-old male office worker.” Only include details that are relevant to the case or intervention.
• Pseudonym/Identifier: If needed, assign a pseudonym or just call them “the client” or “Client A.” Avoid real names to maintain confidentiality. You can say, “For the purposes of this case study, the client will be referred to as John.” (Ensure any chosen name does not give away identity.)
• Relevant History: Summarize any medical, psychological, or social background that is pertinent to their current problem or treatment. This might include health conditions, previous therapy, or life circumstances. For example: childhood trauma, a recent stressful life event, or family history that contributes to the issue. If the client has tried other treatments or medications for the issue in the past, mention those briefly, especially if it influenced the choice of IEMT.
• Current Life Context: Note any current life factors that are relevant. For example, “He works in a high-stress job and has limited social support,” if that context matters for the case.
• Client’s Perspective: Optionally, you can include a line about the client’s attitude or motivation. For instance, “The client was sceptical but hopeful about trying IEMT.” Or “She eagerly sought therapy after hearing success stories.”
• Exclude Irrelevant Details: Do not include extraneous information that has no bearing on the case (e.g., unrelated hobbies or family details that don’t impact the problem or therapy). Keep the profile focused on factors that help the reader understand the client’s situation and why IEMT might be suitable.

Guidance: Aim for a concise profile (a short paragraph or bullet list form). Imagine you are introducing the client to someone who has to understand the case quickly. Make sure everything here is later used or relevant in the story of the case. For example, if their occupation or family situation plays a role in stress levels or ability to attend sessions, include it; otherwise, leave it out. Maintain privacy by not giving any specific identifiers (like workplace name, exact location, etc., unless necessary and non-identifying). This section basically answers: “Who is the client and what relevant background do they bring into this case?”

Presenting Problem (Symptoms, Context, and History)

Purpose: Describe the problem that brought the client to therapy. This includes the symptoms or issues, how long they’ve been occurring, and any relevant history or context specifically about the problem.

• Chief Complaint: Begin with what the client is experiencing or reporting. For example: “The client presented with chronic anxiety and insomnia” or “The client sought IEMT for recurring traumatic memories from a car accident.” Describe symptoms or challenges in clear terms (emotional, cognitive, physical symptoms as relevant).
• Duration and Onset: Note how long the problem has been present and when/how it started. For instance, “He has suffered from panic attacks for five years, starting after a workplace incident in 2018.” If it’s a recent issue, mention what triggered it; if long-term, mention any phases or progression.
• Severity and Impact: Give a sense of how severe or impactful the problem is on the client’s life. Use concrete examples if possible. E.g.: “On a scale of 1-10, she rated her anxiety as an 8 on most days. It has led to her frequently avoiding social gatherings and taking leave from work.” This helps show why the problem is significant.
• Previous Solutions/Context: Mention if the client has tried other therapies or solutions before coming to IEMT. For example: “He had previously tried traditional counselling and medication, with little improvement.” Or “This issue had not been addressed in therapy before.” If the client was referred by someone or if they chose IEMT after other methods, note that.
• Related History: Include any important history related to the presenting problem. This could be past trauma, medical history, or situational factors. For example, “The client’s anxiety began after a divorce” or “She has a history of depression in remission.” Only include history details that help explain the origin or nature of the presenting problem.
• Context: Describe any contextual factors affecting the problem: for example, “His symptoms worsen under stress at work” or “Her skin condition flares up in social situations due to embarrassment.” Essentially, what makes the problem better or worse? What’s the environment in which it occurs?
• Client Goals: It can be helpful to state what the client’s goals or expectations are. E.g.: “The client’s goal was to reduce the frequency of panic attacks so she could return to work full-time.”

Guidance: This section should read like a clear story of what the problem is, why it’s a problem, and how it came to be. Write it in narrative form (one or two paragraphs). Be factual and avoid jargon; if you use any clinical terms, you can briefly explain them (e.g., “hypervigilance (constant watchfulness)”). By the end of this section, the reader should understand exactly what issue is being addressed by IEMT and why the client is seeking help now. It sets the stage for the intervention. Keep the tone objective and professional, describing the problem as observed or reported, not assuming things you don’t know. Use the client’s own words for symptoms if it’s powerful (for example: “He described his experience as ‘constantly on edge, as if something terrible is about to happen.’”).

Intervention (How IEMT Was Applied: Process and Techniques)

Purpose: Detail what you (the practitioner) did in terms of IEMT intervention – the therapy process, techniques used, and how the sessions were conducted. This is the “method” or “treatment” section of the case.

• Therapy Setup: Start by outlining the logistics of the intervention. Mention how many sessions were conducted, their frequency and duration. E.g.: “The intervention consisted of one IEMT session lasting 60 minutes,” or “Therapy was delivered over three weekly IEMT sessions, each about an hour long.” Also note if sessions were in-person or online, and any setting details if relevant (quiet therapy room, etc.).
• Initial Session Actions: Describe the initial steps taken. This might include a brief assessment or rapport-building at the start. For example, “In the first session, the practitioner reviewed the client’s history and obtained informed consent for IEMT.” If you did any baseline measures or explained the technique to the client, mention that.
• Techniques and Process: Explain how IEMT was applied step by step. Assume the reader is not intimately familiar with IEMT, so briefly describe the techniques in plain language as you go. For instance:
  • Eye Movement Algorithm: “The practitioner asked the client to recall a specific distressing memory associated with his problem, then guided the client’s eye movements in particular patterns as per IEMT protocols.” Describe which IEMT tools or algorithms were used (e.g., addressing emotional imprints, using specific eye movement patterns, working with the “Five Patterns of Chronicity” if applicable).
  • Questions and Prompts: Note any key questions or prompts used during the process. For example, “Questions focused on ‘how did you learn to feel this way?’ were used to explore the origin of the client’s feelings, a core aspect of the IEMT approach.”
  • Client Responses During Session: You can include observations of the client’s reactions or responses during the intervention. E.g.: “During the eye movement exercises, the client became visibly calmer and reported that the upsetting image in her mind felt more distant.” Or “The client had difficulty at first recalling certain details, so additional calming techniques were used.” These details help readers understand what happened in the therapy room.
• Adaptations: Mention if you made any adjustments. For example, if a standard IEMT approach was modified to suit the client, note what and why. “Because the client struggled with visualization, the technique was adapted by [explain adaptation].”
• Duration & Homework: If the intervention took place in one session, that’s clear. If multiple, briefly summarize what was done in each session (not every tiny detail, but the focus of each). Also, mention if any homework or exercises were given between sessions (though IEMT typically might not have homework as CBT does, if you asked the client to notice changes or keep a journal, note it).
• Closing the Intervention: Describe how the IEMT process was concluded. For instance, “By the end of the session, the client was no longer able to evoke the same level of distress about the memory, indicating a successful integration.” If follow-up sessions were scheduled or if you planned a follow-up check-in, mention that.

Guidance: Write the intervention section like you’re recounting the treatment to a colleague. It can be in past tense narrative form, possibly a few paragraphs or bullet points for clarity. Keep it concise but detailed: include enough detail that someone familiar with therapy understands what you did, but avoid unnecessary minutiae. Focus on what techniques were used and how the client engaged with them.

Use IEMT terminology if appropriate, but always clarify it for readers (e.g., “the practitioner used the IEMT ‘kinesthetic dissociation’ technique (guiding the client to separate the feeling from the memory)”). Ensure this section logically leads to the outcomes – the reader should see the link between what was done and what changes occurred. If any issues arose during therapy (client discomfort, need to pause, etc.), you can note how you handled them, as that shows practical application of skill. Remember to maintain an objective tone: report what you did and observed without exaggeration.

If referencing the IEMT model or known protocols, you could cite the source of that protocol (e.g., an IEMT manual or study) in this section, but typically the Intervention is based on your applied methods rather than literature.

Outcome (Results, Client Response, Changes Observed)

Purpose: Present the results of the intervention. Describe the client’s response during and after IEMT, including any changes in symptoms, behaviour, or outlook. This section is the “result” of the case.

• Immediate Outcome: Start with what happened by the end of the IEMT session(s). What changes were noticed right away or by the final session? For example: “By the end of the session, the client reported her anxiety level had dropped from 8/10 to 3/10.” Or “The client appeared visibly relieved, stating that the traumatic memory felt ‘distant and hard to visualize.’” Note any immediate symptom reduction or positive changes the client mentioned.
• Short-Term Outcome: Describe the client’s status in the days or weeks following the intervention (if a follow-up was done). E.g.: “One week later, the client reported no panic attacks and improved sleep.” If the case included a follow-up contact or session, include those observations.
• Longer-Term Follow-up: If you have information on the client’s condition after a longer period (such as a few weeks or months later), report that as well. For instance: “At a three-month follow-up, the client’s psoriasis flare-ups had not returned, and he continued to practice stress-management techniques learned.” Even in a short-form case study, a brief note on whether the results held up is valuable. (If no follow-up was done, you can omit or state that long-term effects are unknown.)
• Quantitative Measures (if any): If you used any scales or measurements (e.g., an anxiety questionnaire score before and after), report those results. Example: “Scores on the depression inventory decreased from 25 (moderate depression) pre-intervention to 10 (minimal depression) post-intervention.” This adds objectivity if available.
• Qualitative Observations: Include the client’s own feedback or quotes if they illustrate the outcome. E.g.: “The client stated, ‘I feel like the weight of that memory is gone.’” Also note any changes observed by others if reported (like family or colleagues noticing a difference).
• Unresolved or Negative Outcomes: Be honest about anything that did not improve or any new issues that arose (though ideally IEMT helped, it’s okay to mention limits). For example, “Although the client’s nightmares stopped, he still experiences mild anxiety in crowded places.” This provides a balanced view.
• Compare to Baseline: Clearly contrast the outcome with the presenting problem described earlier. The reader should see the before vs. after: what was life like for the client pre-IEMT and post-IEMT?

Guidance: This section can be one or two paragraphs describing the changes. Focus on factual changes and client reports. Avoid claiming more than the evidence shows. For example, if the client’s symptom reduced in intensity, say that rather than “cured” unless it truly resolved completely. If available, providing follow-up results makes the case stronger. For instance, in a published IEMT case, a client’s psoriasis-related symptoms disappeared after three months and did not recur even at a 2.5-year follow-up ((PDF) The Use of Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) in the Treatment of Psoriasis Induced Skin Eruption – a Case Study). If you have similar follow-up info, include it. If not, it’s okay – just report what you do know. Keep the tone neutral and objective (report outcomes without exaggeration). This section should essentially answer: What happened as a result of the intervention? By the end of it, a reader should know whether IEMT helped the client, and in what ways, with evidence (client statements, observed behavior changes, or test scores).

Discussion (Interpretation, Implications, Reflection on the Case)

Purpose: Analyze and reflect on the case outcomes. Discuss why the intervention produced the results it did, what the findings mean, and what can be learned from the case. This section connects the specific case results to broader context or theory.

• Interpretation of Results: Start by interpreting the outcome. Why do you think the client responded the way they did? For example, “The rapid reduction in the client’s anxiety suggests that IEMT effectively addressed the emotional memory triggers underlying her symptoms.” Connect this to what you know about IEMT or psychological principles. If the outcome was positive, discuss what mechanisms might explain it (e.g., the eye movements helping to reconsolidate memories, reducing emotional charge). If the outcome was mixed or negative, discuss possible reasons (e.g., incomplete processing, other factors interfering). Use cautious language (avoid absolute certainty, use words like “suggests,” “may indicate”).
• Relation to Literature or Theory: If the case relates to existing literature or theories, mention that. For instance, compare the result to what’s known: “This result is consistent with other reports of using eye-movement based therapies for stress-related conditions ((PDF) The Use of Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) in the Treatment of Psoriasis Induced Skin Eruption – a Case Study), supporting the idea that such interventions can have lasting effects on psychosomatic symptoms.” If you know of any studies or case reports similar to yours, you could briefly mention them (and cite if possible). Conversely, if the case’s outcome was unexpected, discuss how it differs from what theory or other cases would predict. This shows you’re placing the case in a broader context.
• Implications for Practice: Explain what this case could mean for IEMT practitioners or therapy practice in general. E.g.: “This case demonstrates that IEMT may be a valuable brief intervention for [the issue], especially when traditional approaches have not fully succeeded.” Or “It suggests that incorporating IEMT early for clients with [condition] might accelerate relief of symptoms.” Essentially, answer: “What can others learn from this case?”
• Limitations: Acknowledge the limitations of your case study. Since it’s a single case, results are not generalizable to everyone. Note any factors that limit the interpretations: “As a single-case observation, we cannot conclusively credit IEMT alone for the improvement; factors such as the client’s strong motivation and the placebo effect might have also contributed.” If there were any confounds (e.g., the client started a new medication at the same time or had other support), mention that. Being upfront about limitations shows academic rigour.
• Reflection: You can include a brief reflection as a practitioner. For instance, “Upon reflection, an additional session might have further consolidated the client’s progress; however, the client’s schedule did not permit this.” Or “This case taught the practitioner the importance of careful memory selection when using IEMT.” Such reflections personalize the case and offer insight into clinical decision-making. Keep this professional in tone.
• Future Directions: Optionally, suggest what next steps or questions arise from this case. E.g.: “This case raises the question of whether IEMT could be similarly effective for other clients with psoriasis triggered by stress – future case series or controlled studies could explore this.” If appropriate, mention if the case prompted you to plan further follow-up or recommend the client additional resources.

Guidance: The discussion is often the most analytical part. It should be a few paragraphs where you step back from the narrative and think about what it all means. Ensure you tie back to points from the introduction: if you said the aim was to see if IEMT helps X, here you discuss whether it did help X and what that implies. Keep the tone academic: use evidence or logical reasoning for your interpretations. If you cite any sources here (like similar cases or theoretical explanations), make sure they are listed in References. Avoid making sweeping conclusions from one case – be careful to frame it as suggestive, not proof. It’s good to explicitly mention that this is one case and more evidence is needed (this is a common academic point to make). End the discussion by emphasizing the key insight or lesson from the case, which leads into the brief conclusion.

Conclusion (Summary and Key Takeaways)

Purpose: Provide a concise closing to the case study, summarizing the main findings and their significance. The conclusion wraps up the report and reinforces what should be learned from the case.

• Restate the Outcome: Begin by briefly restating the core result of the case in one sentence. For example: “In summary, the use of IEMT in this case resulted in a significant reduction of the client’s [symptoms].” This reminds the reader of the main outcome.
• Key Takeaways: State the main takeaway or implication of the case. This might be about IEMT’s effectiveness, the importance of a certain approach, or a confirmation of a hypothesis. E.g.: “This case illustrates the potential of IEMT as a rapid intervention for trauma-related anxiety,” or “The success observed suggests that even a single session of IEMT can lead to lasting improvements, though individual results may vary.”
• Link to Bigger Picture: You can end with a broader statement connecting to the bigger picture. For instance, “While one case is not generalizable, it adds to growing clinical observations that addressing emotional imprints via eye movement techniques can benefit psychosomatic conditions.” This shows how your case contributes to understanding the wider field.
• Future Advice (if any): If appropriate, end with a note of advice or next steps. E.g.: “Practitioners should consider IEMT for clients with [issue], especially when conventional methods prove insufficient. Further research and more case documentation are encouraged to substantiate these findings.” This is optional, but it gives a forward-looking closing.
• Brevity: Keep the conclusion short (around 3-5 sentences). It should not introduce new information or ideas not covered earlier; it should only synthesize and conclude based on what’s already described.

Guidance: Think of the conclusion as the answer to the question, “So what does this case tell us?” It should leave the reader with a clear impression of the significance of the case. Make sure it aligns with the evidence you presented. Avoid simply repeating the discussion verbatim – instead, distill it to the essence. Ensure the tone remains objective and scholarly, even if you are enthusiastic about the results. After reading the conclusion, someone should remember the case’s outcome and its importance.

References (Citations)

Purpose: List any sources you cited in the case study, in a proper academic format (Harvard or APA style, as preferred). This gives credit to others’ work and allows readers to locate those sources.

• When to Include: Only include a References section if you have cited external sources (e.g., literature, manuals, articles) in your case study. If the entire case study is based on your own work with the client and you did not refer to any outside information (like definitions, statistics, or comparisons to other cases), you might not need references. However, including at least a reference for IEMT background or supporting literature is good practice.
• Format: Use a consistent citation style. Common in the UK are Harvard (author-date style) or APA (American Psychological Association). The key is consistency. In-text citations should match the reference list. For example, if you wrote (Smith, 2015) in text, the reference list should have the full reference for Smith (2015).
  • Harvard Style: Typically format as Author Surname, Initials. (Year) Title. Source/Journal, Volume(Issue), pages.
  • APA Style: Format as Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of work. Source/Publisher. (APA uses sentence case for titles and italics for book or journal names).
• Ordering: List references alphabetically by author’s last name (or by organization name if no author). If you have multiple sources by the same author, order by year.
• Examples:
  • Journal article (Harvard style): Manea, A.I. & Moore, J.M. (2018) ‘The use of Integral Eye Movement Technique (IEMT) in the treatment of psoriasis-induced skin eruption – a case study’, Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, 21(3), pp. 71-81.
  • Book (Harvard style): Austin, A.T. (2015) Integral Eye Movement Technique: Principles and Practice. London: IEMT Publishing. (Note: Example book and publisher are hypothetical for illustration.)
  • Website (Harvard style): Association for IEMT Practitioners (2021) What is IEMT? Available at: [URL] (Accessed 20 March 2025).
  • If using APA, the same sources would be formatted slightly differently (e.g., no quotes around article title, capitalization rules). Choose one style and stick to it.
• Accuracy: Ensure every in-text citation has a matching full reference entry, and vice versa. Double-check spelling of authors, titles, and that years match. This gives your case study credibility and allows readers to explore sources further.
• No Personal Client Info: Do not list any personal communications with the client as references (if you mention something the client said in Discussion as insight, that’s part of the case data, not a reference). Only list published or external sources.

Guidance: For practitioners new to academic writing, citing sources might feel daunting, but it’s basically about crediting any ideas or facts that are not your own. If in your Introduction you mention a fact you read (e.g., “psoriasis affects 2% of people”), cite the source of that fact. In Discussion, if you mention another study or a theory, cite it. Then list full details here. Using Harvard style is often straightforward and favoured in the UK; APA is very similar with minor differences. If unsure, you can use citation generator tools or follow style guides for formatting. Remember, consistency and completeness are key. A reader should be able to locate the source from the information you give. If you have no external references, you can omit this section or state “No external references were used in this case study.” However, even a single reference to an IEMT framework or related case can strengthen the academic value of your report.

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